Ethical Issues in Health Research

Module title	Ethical Issues in Health Research
Module code	CSC2017
Academic year	2021/2
Credits	15
Module staff	Dr Siobhan O'Dwyer (Convenor) Dr Jenny Lloyd (Convenor)

Duration: Term	1	2	3
Duration: Weeks	12	0	0

Number students taking module (anticipated)	20

Module description

Some of the most ground-breaking research in the history of human health has also been some of the most unethical. Research that has led to breakthroughs in psychology, cancer, polio, cloning, and extreme medicine, just to name a few, would not be allowed to be conducted today.

This module will introduce you to key ethical issues in health research. Through a mix of lectures and structured small group learning (SSGL), you will be introduced to essential ethical concepts in human health research, including consent, confidentiality, deception, and coercion; consider the influence of publication bias, reimbursement for research participants, and the involvement of Big Pharma and the Military in health research; explore the challenges of conducting research with vulnerable populations; and investigate ethics in the age of social media. Key examples – including Henrietta Lacks, the Stanford Prison Experiment, Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments, professional guinea pigs, and the Dachau Hypothermia Experiments – will be used to prompt your learning.

If you are a student on the Medical Sciences Programme, this module can be taken with Introduction to Health Research to complete the Health Research pathway requirements for Year 2, or taken on its own as part of an interdisciplinary pathway.

This module is also open to students in Psychology and Sport & Health Sciences and will suit students who are interested in working in health research or engaging with research in their clinical practice.

Module aims - intentions of the module

This module aims to advance students’ understanding of ethical issues in health research and promote awareness of the challenges of conducting health research that is both ethical and innovative.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

ILO: Module-specific skills

On successfully completing the module you will be able to...

1. Demonstrate an integrated understanding of the ethical principles that underpin contemporary human health research
2. Identify and interpret ethical guidelines for human health research in the UK and internationally
3. Explain the role of university and hospital ethics committees
4. Use an ethical framework to critically examine proposed and previous research studies

ILO: Discipline-specific skills

On successfully completing the module you will be able to...

5. Understand the importance of conducting ethically sound human health research
6. Debate the contribution of unethical research to global improvements in human health

ILO: Personal and key skills

On successfully completing the module you will be able to...

7. Direct own learning
8. Manage time, workload, and ambiguity effectively.
9. Critically reflect on own values and ethical perspective
10. Work well in teams
11. Communicate clearly and efficiently in both written and oral formats

Syllabus plan

Whilst the module’s precise content may vary from year to year, an example of an overall structure is as follows:

Lecture Topics:

What are ethics and why do we need them
Ethical guidelines for health research
The role of research ethics committees
Human vs animal ethics

SSGLs Topics

Consent and confidentiality
Deception and coercion
Vulnerable populations
Adverse events and fake data
Ethics in the age of social media
Mock Ethics Committee

For the 2021/2022 academic year, this module will be delivered in a blended format. Some sessions will be delivered face-to-face (COVID restrictions permitting) and others will be delivered synchronously online via Teams.

Learning activities and teaching methods (given in hours of study time)

Scheduled Learning and Teaching Activities	Guided independent study	Placement / study abroad
23	127	0

Details of learning activities and teaching methods

Category	Hours of study time	Description
Scheduled Learning & Teaching Activities	8	Lectures (4 weeks x 2hr lecture per week).
Scheduled Learning & Teaching Activities	15	SSGL sessions (6 weeks x 2.5 hour workshop per week).
Guided Independent study	65	Preparation for Lectures & SSGLs
Guided Independent Study	62	Assessment preparation

Formative assessment

Form of assessment	Size of the assessment (eg length / duration)	ILOs assessed	Feedback method
Completion of SSGL Tasks	Throughout the module	1,4-11	Verbal feedback within session
Participation in SSGL	Throughout module	4-7, 9-11	Verbal feedback within session

Summative assessment (% of credit)

Coursework	Written exams	Practical exams
70	30	0

Details of summative assessment

Form of assessment	% of credit	Size of the assessment (eg length / duration)	ILOs assessed	Feedback method
Short answer question (SAQ) In-Class Test	30	1 hour	1,2,4-5,7-8,11	Summary written feedback to whole group
Contribution to class Resources Portfolio	10	Minimum of two contributions to the Resources Portfolio in each relevant week.	1,2,4,7-11	Summary oral feedback to the whole group
Ethical Case Studies	60	1500 words (3 ethical case studies; 500 word response to each)	1,3-9,11	Individual written feedback

Details of re-assessment (where required by referral or deferral)

Original form of assessment	Form of re-assessment	ILOs re-assessed	Timescale for re-assessment
Short answer question (SAQ) In-Class Test (30 %)	Short answer question exam (1 hour)	1,2,4-5,7-8,11	Ref/Def period
Portfolio of Resources (10%)	Portfolio of resources, with a minimum of two resources for each relevant week.	1,2,4,7-11	Ref/Def period
Ethical Case Studies (60%)	Ethical case studies (1500 words)	1,3-9,11	Ref/Def period

Re-assessment notes

Please also refer to the TQA section on Referral/Deferral: http://as.exeter.ac.uk/academic-policy-standards/tqa-manual/aph/consequenceoffailure/

Indicative learning resources - Basic reading

Basic reading:

Long, T. & Johnson, M. (2007). Research ethics in the real world: Issues and solutions for health and social care. Elsevier: Edinburgh.

Skloot, R. (2011). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Broadway Books: USA.

Berger, R.L. (1990). Nazi Science – The Dachau Hypothermia Experiments. The New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 1435-1440.

Students will be expected to read and critically appraise a range of peer-reviewed journals and online documents related to the content of this module.

Indicative learning resources - Web based and electronic resources

Web based and electronic resources will be available

Key words search

Health Research; Ethics; Clinical Trials; Psychology; History; Medicine; Health Sciences; Design; Measurement; Evaluation; Recruitment; Publication;

Credit value	15
Module ECTS	7.5
Module pre-requisites	None
Module co-requisites	None
NQF level (module)	5
Available as distance learning?	No
Origin date	22/11/2016
Last revision date	18/05/2021