Enabling and dis-enabling conditions for rapid scaling of agroforestry: A study of the International Small Group and Tree Planting program (TIST) in Uganda.

Agroforestry is a cornerstone of regenerative farming, offering pathways to improve ecosystem health, soil productivity, and smallholder livelihoods—especially under intensifying climate pressures. Yet, the mechanisms that enable the rapid and sustained scaling of such practices remain poorly understood. This study investigates the scaling experience of the International Small Group and Tree Planting Program (TIST) in Uganda to identify key enablers, dis-enablers, and leverage points. We conducted 52 in-depth interviews with small group representatives across two project areas with high enrolment, as well as with TIST leadership at multiple administrative levels. Using reflective thematic analysis, we found that prior exposure to tree planting influenced engagement, but sustained participation was largely driven by access to resources and anticipated monetary benefits—particularly carbon payments. Timely and credible delivery of these benefits emerged as a critical enabler, while delays in payments, land access constraints, and seedling mortality due to drought were significant barriers. Scaling levers include context-responsive incentives, strategic partnerships with local actors, and peer-to-peer diffusion of success stories. Our findings underscore the importance of system readiness, institutional trust, and ecological fit in designing scalable and equitable agroforestry interventions.