Money, Lobbying, and Policymaking

Module title	Money, Lobbying, and Policymaking
Module code	POL3274
Academic year	2025/6
Credits	15
Module staff	Dr Amy McKay (Convenor)

Duration: Term	1	2	3
Duration: Weeks		11

Number students taking module (anticipated)	30

Module description

Policymakers across legislatures are affected to a largely unknown extent by the money that lobbyists spend pressuring politicians and keeping them in office. We will examine who these lobbyists are, how and when they get what they want from government, how they use money to support their efforts, and most importantly, the effect of lobbying and money on public policy outcomes. With particular focus on the US, but also investigating the role of outside interests in the UK, the EU, and European nations, this module will use play-acting simulations and data analysis techniques so that you can investigate for yourself the effects of money in policymaking.

Module aims - intentions of the module

This module is intended to improve both (1) your understanding about politics and the forces that result in implemented public policies, and (2) your ability to critically evaluate research, news reports, and advocacy efforts. The aim is to enable you to assess for yourself the effects of pressure group money on politics and policymaking, having portrayed lobbyists and legislators in simulations, and analysed real data on the topic.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

ILO: Module-specific skills

On successfully completing the module you will be able to...

1. critically assess the influence of lobbyists' direct and indirect expenditures on US policymaking;
2. demonstrate understanding of the role pressure groups and lobbyists play in policymaking, particularly in the US;

ILO: Discipline-specific skills

On successfully completing the module you will be able to...

3. use simple statistical methods to analyse data and model political behaviour;
4. critically evaluate political science research according to its assumptions, methods, and conclusions;

ILO: Personal and key skills

On successfully completing the module you will be able to...

5. increase confidence in approaching professional colleagues with ideas and suggesting collaborations;
6. improve writing skills through multiple iterations, peer review, and practice writing in the role of a professional, rather than a student; and
7. demonstrate an ability to be persuasive.

Syllabus plan

Whilst the module’s precise content may vary from year to year, it is envisaged that the syllabus will cover some or all of the following topics: the purpose of interest groups, what lobbying is and how it is done, laws that regulate lobbying and money in the US and other countries, current research on lobbying and policymaking, case studies of lobbying and policymaking, and related topics.

Assignments include strategic memos, a research note (a short essay of your original research), a bit of data analysis using a statistics package, and an in-class simulations of lobbying and policymaking.

Learning activities and teaching methods (given in hours of study time)

Scheduled Learning and Teaching Activities	Guided independent study	Placement / study abroad
22	128	0

Details of learning activities and teaching methods

Category	Hours of study time	Description
Scheduled learning and teaching activities	22	11 x 2 hour seminars
Guided independent study	44	Preparing for seminars: Reading and research
Guided independent study	84	Completing assessment tasks: Reading, research and writing

Formative assessment

Form of assessment	Size of the assessment (eg length / duration)	ILOs assessed	Feedback method
Research Note outline/plan	300 words	1-7	Oral or written

Summative assessment (% of credit)

Coursework	Written exams	Practical exams
100	0	0

Details of summative assessment

Form of assessment	% of credit	Size of the assessment (eg length / duration)	ILOs assessed	Feedback method
Strategic memo	40	1,200 words	1-7	Written feedback
Research note	60	2,500 words	1-7	Written feedback
	0
	0
	0
	0

Details of re-assessment (where required by referral or deferral)

Original form of assessment	Form of re-assessment	ILOs re-assessed	Timescale for re-assessment
Strategic memo	Strategic memo (1,200 words)	1-7	Due upon return if possible; otherwise Aug/Sept assessment period
Research note	Research note (2,500 words)	1-7	Due upon return if possible; otherwise Aug/Sept assessment period

Indicative learning resources - Basic reading

Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests
Baumgartner, Berry, Hojnacki, Kimball, and Leech, Lobbying and Policy Change
Berry and Wilcox, The Interest Group Society
E. E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America
Frank J. Sorauf, Inside Campaign Finance
Larry Sabato, PAC Power
Panagopoulos and Schank, All Roads Lead to Congress
Robert M. Alexander, The Classics of Interest Group Behavior
Wolpe and Levine, Lobbying Congress
Amy McKay, “Buying Policy? The Effects of Lobbyists’ Resources on their Policy Success.” Political Research Quarterly Austen-Smith and Wright, “Counteractive Lobbying.” American Political Science Review
Chin, Bond, and Geva. “A foot in the door: An experimental study of PAC and constituency effects on access.” Journal of Politics
David Lowery. “Why Do Organized Interests Lobby? A Multi-Goal, Multi-Context Theory of Lobbying.” Polity
Denzau and Munger, “How Unorganized Interests Get Represented.” American Political Science Review
Hall and Wayman, “Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees.” American Political Science Review
Jennifer Nicoll Victor, “Strategic Lobbying.” American Politics Research

Key words search

American politics, money in politics, lobbying, pressure groups, interest groups, legislatures, influence, policymaking, policy-making

Credit value	15
Module ECTS	7.5
Module pre-requisites	None
Module co-requisites	None
NQF level (module)	6
Available as distance learning?	No
Origin date	13/08/2021
Last revision date	13/08/2021