BSc Psychology

PSY1202: Introduction to Biological Psychology

In this module you are introduced to the basic concepts of the physiological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the generation and control of behaviour. Topics covered include the structure and functions of brains, neuronal communication, and how genes, hormones and neurotransmitters in various physiological processes affect behaviour, cognition, emotions, motivation and development. Although largely focused on the human body and brain, the module also shows how research on animal model systems, as diverse as squids, snails and rodents, has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of the human nervous system, cognition and behaviour.

The primary aim of this module is to introduce you to the fundamental biological mechanisms underlying the behaviour of humans and other animals with a focus on neurophysiology, functional anatomy of the human brain, perception, communication, and the development and evolution of nervous systems. You will develop a firm foundation of knowledge in neuroscience and physiology of behaviour that links to cognitive and clinical psychology.

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PSY1203: Introduction to Social Psychology

Social psychology seeks to understand how people think, feel and act in relation to others and the world around them. As such, the topics of interest to social psychologist cover almost everything humans do, from personal choices to conflict and violence in society. Because social psychology is applicable to so many domains, it is also directly relevant to everyday life - by learning about social psychology, inevitably you also learn something about yourself. This module is structured as a 'sampler' of key topics in social psychology, topics which you may go on to explore in more detail in advanced modules. A specific topic will be introduced each week; we will identify why it is important, and discuss classic and contemporary theories and research that have tried to understand that topic from a social psychological perspective.

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PSY1204: Introduction to Clinical Psychology

Clinical Psychology is a major area of Applied Psychology that makes a difference in people's lives by helping them deal with a range of problems. From depression and anxiety, psychosis and drug problems through to managing the effects of brain injury or the risk of heart attacks. The module involves the use of psychological theories - such as Psychodynamic or Cognitive Behavioural and the collection of evidence for 'what works' - to guide practice. In this module clinical psychologists - amongst them invited speakers who are experts in their field - give lectures that provide overviews to major mental health and neuro-developmental disorders, providing you with a valuable insight into how such problems arise, the treatments that may be offered and to what benefit. This module provides a key starting point for anyone considering a future in applied psychology enabling them to understand the true nature of the role.

To provide an overview of how clinical psychologists understand major psychological disorders from a bio-psycho-social perspective. The specific aims of the module are:

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PSY1205: Introduction to Statistics

This module will give you training on a variety of different statistical techniques commonly used in research conducted by psychologists. As such, it provides core skills required for other modules that will be taken during the degree. The aim is to provide you with knowledge of the theoretical principles underlying the tests as well as the ability to independently select the appropriate test and apply it correctly. Whilst basic mathematical skills are required, the module does not assume Mathematics A level (or the equivalent) has been taken. Instead, a good grade in Mathematics GCSE (or the equivalent) is desirable.

The aim of this module is to equip you with the ability to analyse the data of experiments that you conduct throughout your degree and to understand the meaning of the results of published papers you encounter in other modules. In particular, you will learn how to analyse lots of different types of data, how these analyses actually work, and what they mean. You will also be introduced to a computer based package for conducting statistical analyses, which will be useful in your second and third years.

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PSY1206: Introduction to Research Methods

This module will provide you with basic skills necessary to understand and conduct research in psychology. You will gain an understanding of the main scientific research methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and areas of application. You'll get first-hand experience of participating in psychological research. You will also acquire skills in writing (scientific) reports and using library and online resources for scientific research. Finally, you will gain an understanding of ethical issues related to conducting research in psychology. This module is the basis for the rest of your psychology degree. It is also recommended for interdisciplinary degrees.

This module has an assessed Research Participation element. If you object to the Research Participation element of the module assessment you will be required to assist a researcher (staff member, post-doc or PGR) in an appropriate piece of research (e.g. assisting with participant recruitment, data collection, data analysis), requiring an equivalent time commitment (i.e. ten hours). The exact nature of this assistance will be identified by the PSY1206 module convenor, as required.

The aim of this module is to introduce you to the following issues:

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PSY1207: Cognition, Emotion and Development

In lectures and practical classes (including some demonstrations and experiments), and in group tutorials, we introduce you to how psychologists and neuroscientists investigate mental representations and processes in the developing child and human adults. We will explore some of the resulting theoretical conceptions of human development, and of emotional responses, how our senses enable us to perceive the world, language processing, memory, thinking, attention and multitasking, and the effects of emotion on cognitive processing, together with some practical implications of this knowledge (e.g, study skills, mobile phone use while driving, treatment of psychopathological conditions) and questions on the relation between conscious awareness and information processing in the brain.

This module has no pre-requisites; PSY1202 Introduction to Biological Psychology provides helpful background on the neural substrate of cognition and emotion.

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PSY1105: Introduction to Behaviour and Evolution

Through this module we will explore how and why animals behave in the way they do, as well as gain insight into human and animal behaviour and evolution, and the biological basis for behaviour. You will be introduced to key concepts and behaviours such as avoiding predators, finding a mate and foraging optimally. The lectures will use examples from a wide range of species ranging from social insects to primates. Human examples will also be used, but sparingly. The study of animal behaviour is interdisciplinary in nature and is of considerable general interest in the context of psychology, ecology, evolution, conservation and animal welfare. A good grounding in the predictive and explanatory nature of evolutionary theory in relation to a broad range of social behaviours will be provided. You will attend lectures in which we'll introduce you to a number of key concepts in the field, illustrated using classic and contemporary examples. You will participate in discussions in tutorial meetings, and you undertake an investigation into evolutionary biology in the practical class, which will enable you to grasp key concepts of selection and evolutionary aspects of behaviour. You will write-up an essay on a specific evolutionary or behavioural theme. This module is suitable for students with no previous background in psychology or biology as all examples are explained from fundamental principles. This module is thus suitable for both specialist and non-specialist students and students following an interdisciplinary pathway. The module involves 12 two-hour lectures, three one-hour tutorials, and one two-hour practical class.

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PSY1126: Classic Studies in Psychology

An in-depth knowledge and understanding of classic studies is important in any discipline. However, such an understanding is critical in psychology because, unlike other sciences, psychology's foundations are built not of cardinal theories, but with the rock of classic experiments. In this module you will learn about the details of classic studies in social and developmental psychology and how these studies have shaped the field of psychology. But, more importantly, you will discover new ways of thinking about these studies and the ideas that they explore. A-level psychology is not a prerequisite - this module is suitable for anyone with an interest in learning more about the classic studies in psychology.

The aim of this module is to introduce a broad range of students to classic studies in psychology that have had an impact far beyond the boundaries of this discipline. The module aims to provide a basic understanding of the limitations as well as the strengths of these studies, and to think about the broader relevance of their findings - e.g., in informing debate about key issues in society (issues such as obedience, social influence, the impact of groups on individual functioning, the development of morality, intelligence, aggression and personality). The module aims to show how psychology can be - and has been - taken forward in interesting and existing ways through a careful re-examination of the 'sacred texts' that lie at its heart.

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PSY1208: Workplace Learning

All students are encouraged to pursue work experience during their time at university; it adds an invaluable element to your CV and enhances your employability skills. The module is structured so you have a mixture of interactive lectures and workshops in conjunction with the mini placement and finally written and oral assignments.

Both the lectures and workshops are designed to enhance your employability by assessing your current skills and developing further skill competencies. You are expected to prepare for some sessions and workshops in advance.

There will be departmental and careers service support for those taking this module. You will also have to be registered for the Exeter Award and My Career Zone (www.mycareerzone/exeter.ac.uk).

The module will give you an opportunity to link your academic study with developing work related skills, enhancing your employability while also delivering assessed coursework.

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PSY2203: Social Psychology II

We inhabit a hectic social world. In any one day, we can expect to deal with many other people, perhaps as first acquaintances, friends, or prospective employers, in the supermarket, at the pub or at work. So, precisely how do we navigate this complex social life? What social information grabs our attention? How do we organise and use it in our interactions with others and our judgements about them? These are some of the questions that interest social psychology researchers. In this module, we investigate how we process social information and navigate complex social relationships. When do we make speedy and automatic 'gut reaction' judgements? When, instead, do we process social information in a more effortful, deliberate and controlled way? When and how do we invest emotional attachment to social groups and roles? How do we perceive others in and out of our social circles?

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PSY2205: Personality and Individual Differences

This module focuses on current and historical understanding of personality and individual differences. We review the main theories of personality and use contemporary empirical evidence to explore the complex relationship between personality and behaviour. In-depth examples of the complexity of individual differences will be provided, and some lectures will focus on personality disorders and problems assessing and classifying such disorders.

The academic tutorial component of this module provides you with an experiential learning process that will further develop your understanding of the complex theoretical and conceptual issues involved in the measurement and assessment of personality and individual differences.

The module can be suitable for interdisciplinary students who have some background in psychology.

The aims of the module are:

• to promote a broad and critical understanding of the ways in which personality and individual differences influence various aspects of human behaviour.
• to make explicit the problems and issues surrounding the measurement of personality and individual differences
• to promote a broad understanding of the application of a range of psychometric tests and of the theoretical underpinnings of such tests.
• to provide you with experience of personality testing and assessment through the academic tutorials.

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PSY2206: Methods and Statistics in Psychology II

This module will extend your knowledge and the skills necessary to understand and conduct research in psychology. You will increase your understanding of the main scientific research methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and areas of application. You will also develop your skills in writing (scientific) reports and using library and online resources for scientific research, as well as extending your understanding of ethical issues related to conducting research in psychology.

Most psychological research involves quantitative analysis of numerical data. The main purpose of the statistical analysis sections of this module is to introduce you to techniques that represent extensions of the General Linear Model (GLM), introduced in PSY1205. Hence, it is important that you have an understanding of the basic concepts in research statistics delivered in PSY1205; the distinction between descriptive and inferential statistics, statistical significance, significance testing and effect size, as well as practical experience of using relevant statistical software for carrying out between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures.

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PSY2303: Cognition and Emotion

This module brings together two academics with complementary expertise to teach our second-year students core knowledge in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Basic facts and key theories about human memory, perception, language processing, executive control, and emotions are presented in lectures enhanced by the inclusion of demos, exercises and direct questioning of the audience, supported by latest interactive teaching technologies.

This module aims at teaching what we think a psychology second-year student ought to know about analytical approaches to cognition, and their integration in a coherent picture. Concepts such as working memory, memory consolidation, executive control, object perception, language acquisition, perception and production, and emotions are examined using data from performance and mental chronometry, but also from computational modelling, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, psychopharmacology and patients. The module aims to teach you how to think in experimental terms and to pay more attention to the details of data and theories. Finally, it aims to further your ability to synthesise information, build logical arguments and scientific narratives, and present them by means of digitally and visually enhanced oral communication.

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PSY2304: Biological Basis of Behaviour

The emergence of the disciplines of learning, neurophysiology, and neuroanatomy has given us increased insight into the nature of biological influences upon normal and abnormal behaviour. In this module, you will develop a detailed and critical understanding of these disciplines and explore ways in which, alongside psychological explanations, they help to increase our understanding of the biological basis of behaviour. You will also learn how research with animals can inform our understanding of human mental life - and vice-versa. By highlighting the commonalities between humans and other animals in terms of cognition and associative processes it demonstrates that a full understanding of human psychology can only be reached by appreciating just how much we share in common with other species.

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PSY2306: Development Psychology and Psychopathology

Developmental psychology deals with changes that happen as we grow up - how we learn about our culture, how our thoughts and feelings become more adaptive to the world we live in, and how our identity as a person and a social animal emerges.

We welcome students from different programmes who will contribute to and benefit from the learning experience provided by the lectures and tutorial of developmental psychology and psychopathology.

Our aims are to introduce you to developmental psychology as an essential part of psychology. You will meet ideas of 'children' and 'childhood' in everyday practice, in future roles as a teacher or parent and will have experienced them within the family. You will need them as part of the common currency of living in and commenting on society, as issues concerning child protection, education, socialisation, and motivation are discussed at every level and in most institutional contexts. Knowing what children are like, what informs their understanding, and the methods that are used to establish this body of knowledge are important in psychological education and the aim of this module is to provide you with knowledge and critical understanding of these aspects of developmental psychology.

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PSY2209: Cognition Practical I

This module provides hands-on experience in conducting experimental research in cognitive psychology. Working in small groups, you will develop a research question, design a study, and implement it using the online platform Gorilla. Across the term you will build your experiment step by step, pilot and refine it, collect and analyse data, and finally present your findings in the style of a scientific research report. This process will give you practical skills in experimental design, ethics, data handling, and academic writing, while deepening your understanding of how cognitive psychology evidence is generated and evaluated.

A pre-requisite of this module is completion of PSY1205 Introduction to Statistics, PSY1206 Introduction to Research Methods and PSY1207 Cognition, Emotion, and Development.

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PSY2210: Social Practical I

This module provides you with the opportunity to conduct your own social psychology-focused research project in groups and with the close support of academic staff. These projects will focus on intergroup relations, including when and why we hold more positive or negative views of other groups, and how attitudes and behaviour towards other groups might be improved. You will have the opportunity to collaboratively design your own research project to test hypotheses developed with staff and other students. You will then test these ideas by collecting and analysing data. This module allows you to develop a range of skills that will equip you for independent research (whether later in your degree or in employment) as well as providing a greater depth of knowledge about the topic of intergroup relations.

The purpose of this module is to provide you with detailed knowledge of, and specific training in, contemporary social psychology research. The module aims to provide you with a critical understanding of the research process by giving you the opportunity to be involved in cutting edge research conducted with a leader in the field. Specifically, you will gain experience in research design, data collection, data analysis and written and verbal communication of findings. These skills are central to success in most contemporary workplaces.

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PSY2212: Cognition Practical II

This module gives you experience of actually doing research in experimental cognitive psychology. In groups of around five to six you will: come up with a research question to ask (under a heading such as 'memory' or 'cognitive control'); devise a novel experiment to answer it; design, programme and run the experiment; analyse the data; and report on the research in a short presentation and a written report. This experience develops not only the skills you need for your third year project, but also a much better understanding of the process that creates the evidence you read about in papers and books.

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PSY2213: Social Practical II

Are you interested in learning how state-of-the-art research on social cognition is conducted? This module provides you with the opportunity to conduct your own social cognition research project in groups and with the close support of academic staff. These projects are designed to illustrate some of the ways psychologists have advanced their methods and theories in response to the replication crisis. You will learn how we test our theories, providing an apprenticeship in contemporary psychological research. You will have the opportunity to design your own research project to test novel and interesting hypotheses pertaining to social cognition. You will then test your ideas by collecting and analysing data. This module allows you to develop a range of skills that will equip you for independent research (whether later in your degree or in employment), as well as a greater depth of knowledge about the research topic (e.g., moral cognition, theory of mind).

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PSY2214: Observations and Experiments in Animal Behaviour

In this module we will explore the ways in which to pose and answer scientific questions by making observations and carrying out experiments, focusing on animal behavior. This module will enable you to run a series of observational investigations and experiments in both the laboratory and field (largely on the University campus) to test key hypotheses in animal behaviour. We will take you through the scientific method of designing, running, analysing and reporting scientific results.

Given the wide applicability of the scientific method, this module would be suitable for both specialist and non-specialist students and those following an interdisciplinary pathway.

We recommend that you have also taken PSY1105.

This module will provide you with a critical understanding of, and practical training in, the detailed objectives, strengths and weaknesses of good research techniques in animal behaviour research, both in the laboratory and field. You will be introduced to the cyclical and additive nature of scientific research and exposed to a range of study systems, research methods and questions. The practical sessions will cover key areas of current research in animal behaviour such as mate choice, foraging behaviour and social behaviour. At the end of this module you should be capable of designing, conducting, and discussing the results of your original research projects in the third year.

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PSY2216: Qualitative Methods and Interview Skills

This module will enable you to focus on:

- gaining semi-structured interview skills, which are valuable transferable skills including non-judgemental listening and reflecting back to show understanding,

- deepening your understanding of qualitative methods and their role in research,

- learning how to conduct a Reflexive Thematic Analysis, to allow you to use this important analytical approach in future research projects

You will develop a critical insight into the benefits and challenges of conducting qualitative research. The skills of conducting semi-structured research interviews and being able to apply a qualitative method to the analysis of interview data are valued by many employers.

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PSY2217: Wild Behaviour

What methods can we deploy to explore why humans and other animals behave as they do in natural settings? In this module you learn about different observational, experimental and analytical approaches in a completely 'hands-on' and applied manner. First, you will learn how to address questions scientifically, through a series of problem-based learning exercises in small groups. You'll then employ your skills in a series of group practicals, culminating in you devising your own research question (e.g. Do social networks arise from sexual harassment? Why follow a leader?), that you will tackle with data and analyses.

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PSY2218: Social Practical III

This module provides you with the opportunity to conduct your own social psychology-focused research project in groups and with the close support of academic staff. These projects will address a core topic in social psychology which will be set by the module convenors. Topics in previous years have included attitudes and behaviour change, pluralistic ignorance, and intergroup conflict. You will have the opportunity to collaboratively design your own research project to test hypotheses developed with staff and other students. You will then test these ideas by collecting and analysing data. This module allows you to develop a range of skills that will equip you for independent research (whether later in your degree or in employment) as well as providing a greater depth of knowledge about the topic.

The purpose of this module is to provide you with detailed knowledge of, and specific training in, contemporary social psychology research. The module aims to provide you with a critical understanding of the research process by giving you the opportunity to be involved in cutting edge research conducted with a leader in the field. Specifically, you will gain experience in research design, data collection, data analysis and written and verbal communication of findings. These skills are central to success in most contemporary workplaces.

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PSY3404: One Year Study Abroad

This module will provide you with the opportunity to spend the third year of your degree studying at an existing partner institution in, for example, Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand or Hong Kong (though please note that the list of partners will change over time).

Studying abroad offers you a fantastic opportunity to expand your educational and cultural experiences. Moreover, research indicates that 64% of employers consider an international experience important for recruitment and report that graduates with an international background are given greater responsibility more frequently. 92% of employers involved in a study conducted in 2014* indicated that they look for skills such as openness to and curiosity about new challenges, problem-solving and decision-making skills, confidence, and tolerance towards other personal values and behaviours. The study revealed that studying abroad had a positive impact on the development of these skills and concluded that the employability and competences of students greatly benefit from mobility.

Whilst overseas, you will be expected to complete predominantly psychology-related modules that supplement the academic content of the Psychology modules offered at Exeter. In addition, you will be provided with the freedom to select modules that are outside the discipline of Psychology to broaden your personal and professional development.

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PSY3406: One Year Professional Placement

Increasingly, graduate positions request that applicants have work experience applicable to the role. This year-long module will enable you to immerse yourself in a professional environment; you will learn to apply the skills learnt during the first and second years, improve personal and transferable skills, make new contacts and enhance employability. You will apply for a placement position with a relevant organisation (with the support of the module convenor) and spend a minimum of nine months full-time in the workplace. Feedback and support will be provided by the module convenor and the placement host.

This module will enable you to develop subject-specific and general professional skills. You will research suitable organisations, consider the opportunities that positions offer you and practice writing covering letters and CVs. This module offers an excellent opportunity for you to immerse yourself in an environment where you can develop subject-specific and general professional skills, gain a greater understanding of the use of your degree and ultimately improve your CV. You will gain feedback throughout the placement from the placement host and the module convenor and you will be encouraged to reflect on your experiences during the placement to help you to make career decisions for the future. The module allows you to apply your learning during your degree to a real world setting.

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PSY3401: Psychology Research Project

This module is the culmination of the practical training and learning on the degree and allows you to demonstrate your competencies, incorporating many of the research skills and data analysis techniques you will have developed. You will negotiate your project topic through a structured process and be closely supervised throughout the duration of your research project by an academic member of staff whose personal research focus aligns with your topic.

You will usually work with a project partner, another student engaged in the same piece of research, though larger groups are possible, depending on the nature of the project. Your supervisor will carefully manage this aspect, in order to ensure that each student recognises their individual responsibilities. The skills you learn in working as a member of a pair or a team add to the transferable skills valued by employers which you will develop and provide invaluable experience.

Whether you are working in a group or not, you will write the final report on your own, with a submission deadline at the start of Term 3 and will prepare an individual research poster to be submitted with your Final Report in Term 3.

This module requires completion of the relevant Stage 1 and 2 modules: PSY1205 Introduction to Statistics, PSY1206 Introduction to Research Methods, PSY2206 Methods and Statistics in Psychology.

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PSY3402: Methods and Statistics in Psychology III

Undertaking scientific research in psychology requires the ability to design effective studies and to analyse quantitative data as well as to communicate the results of data analysis. Likewise, understanding and evaluating other people's research requires knowledge of how appropriate inferences can be made from data. The aim of this module is to introduce you to the processes involved in research design and handling your own data, enhance your range of statistical techniques, develop your ability to evaluate inferences and claims made about other people's research, and to improve your understanding of the ethics involved in data analysis and in the communication of science. The statistical techniques covered in this module are widely used within Psychology, but also within other disciplines, such as Business, Biosciences, Geography and Sports Science.

In this module, you will learn about fundamental aspects of research design and inferential statistics (e.g., effect sizes; statistical power) as well as more advanced regression-based techniques (e.g., mediation). You will gain an appreciation of how to answer research questions by developing a hypothetical research design and how to use statistics to analyse the data stemming from this design, as well as how to evaluate the techniques and reporting methods of other researchers. Finally, you will also learn how to report and communicate the results of data analysis.

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PSY3403: Contemporary Issues in Psychology

In this module you will explore current research topics in psychology and animal behaviour. A series of research seminars delivered by leading researchers, in addition to coursework development workshops and lectures, allows you to learn about cutting edge research in psychology, engage in a critical appraisal of these seminars, and develop key skills in developing and communicating your own ideas and responses to current research.

In this module, we will sample and learn from a wide range of examples of current research topics within Psychology and Animal Behaviour by hearing about cutting edge research being conducted by academics within Psychology. You will develop a critical awareness of the broad range of methods available in research in the context of discussion of, and reflection on, larger issues of scientific method. It aims to develop expertise in critical analysis and research design and in the communication of ideas in a concise and engaging manner.

Through attending the research seminar presentations, coursework development workshops and lectures, and through completing the assessments, you will work towards developing the following academic and professional skills:

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PSY3411: Psychology and Law

This course links Psychology with disciplines such as Law and Sociology. It will provide you with an understanding of basic conceptual issues, such as the meaning of justice, along with various aspects of the Criminal Justice System (e.g. policing, the jury system, sentencing policy) and how the study of various sub-disciplines within Psychology can help us to understand the underlying processes. Different methods are used, both passive (lectures, expert panel, information exchange) and active (in-class debates, group discussion, role-play).

No prior knowledge is expected, though Stage 1 and 2 modules in human cognition, social and developmental psychology provide a helpful background. The module is delivered separately to different groups of students in Autumn and Spring terms.

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PSY3412: The Psychology of Gender

By attending this module you will learn how gender dynamics (e.g., gender differences, real or imagined) shape individuals' lives in ways both big and small, overt and subtle, positive and negative. You will learn how these gender dynamics emerge, manifest and impact the lives of individuals in a variety of contexts (e.g., the workplace, health, sexuality). You will also learn how gender dynamics are often studied.

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PSY3416: Work and Organisational Psychology

This work and organisational psychology (WOP) module provides you with both basic and state-of-the-art knowledge in the area of WOP. During this module, we will cover two main areas of WOP: psychological problems connected with the person-job interaction and organisational processes. This module is designed to show the importance of the field and the role of organisational psychologists in helping organisations to perform better and ensure the well-being of the employees in the organisations in the contemporary world. The module will require you to interrogate and evaluate theory, to analyse real-world examples of organisational behaviour, and to consider practical ways to tackle psychological problems at work.

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PSY3432: The Moral Mind

What is morality? This is a classic question at the heart of understanding just what kind of creatures we are. Over the last 20 years, the science of the moral mind/brain has seen a renaissance of inquiry into our moral sense. This module will give a contemporary overview of the science of morality. The module will sketch a framework for understanding our moral sense at three levels of understanding. I will argue that the moral sense is best understood as a computational system that maps actions to their corresponding moral status (e.g., morally permissible or forbidden). Following Marr's trial-level framework for understanding the mind/brain, we will examine

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PSY3439: Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Childhood and Adolescence

Social exclusion and inclusion are pervasive aspects of social life for children and adolescents. Being excluded socially in early life is related to many negative psychological and social outcomes in later life (e.g., depression, lack of motivation to achieve). Understanding when and why social exclusion happens, how children think about it, and how it relates to their social and moral development is important. In diverse contexts they often have to decide whether to include or exclude peers from their own or another social group. They also have to decide whether to exclude or include peers within their own social group who deviate from or conform to the norms of their group. These intergroup and intragroup decisions are challenging for children and adolescents, and their responses are influenced by their developing social and moral understanding from early childhood onwards. In this module you will learn how children's developing thinking about social categories, morality, intentionality, group identity and prejudice underlie their judgements and reasoning about social exclusion within intergroup contexts. We will also consider how theories in developmental and social psychology can inform interventions involving children and adolescents, which aim to reduce social exclusion based upon prejudiced beliefs that emerge in childhood.

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PSY3441: Psychology of Close Relationships

Close relationships with, for example, romantic partners, friends and family form the basis of human life. As social animals, we seek out belonging and closeness with others. These relationships influence our health and well-being across the life course. However, maintaining and thriving in close relationships can be a difficult task if the parameters of those relationships are in some state of turmoil. In this module, we will investigate the formation, maintenance and dissolution of close relationships, with a focus on familial and adult romantic relationships. Furthermore, we will work to identify factors that affect relationship functioning and consider how our relationships influence our general health and well-being. Some questions we will examine include, how do our experiences in childhood, good and bad, affect our ability to form stable relational bonds? Has social media changed the ways in which we find and approach potential romantic partners? How do romantic partners influence one another's health behaviours? Do members of socially stigmatized groups experience unique challenges in their relationships? Why do familial relationships feel so important to us? We will look at these and other related questions through the lens of decades of theory and research on close relationships in psychology.

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PSY3444: Foundations of Human Behaviour

This module gives an overview of the evolutionary basis for human behaviour and is suitable for students interested in the origins of human behaviour and the psychological mechanisms that guide it. The seminars will cover a range of topics focussing on understanding often harmful behaviours (e.g. gambling, overeating, depression, criminal violence) by taking evidence from knowledge of animal behaviour and how behaviour evolves in response to ecological pressures. You will take part in discussions and presentations about the practical and theoretical issues in understanding human behaviour and engage with the cutting-edge literature that tackles these issues.

In this module you will explore in depth how human behaviour has been formed by ecological and social selective pressures, how to understand the adaptive psychological mechanisms underlying behaviour, and use this knowledge to understand the issues resulting from the limitations in these mechanisms.

You will gain knowledge and understanding of

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PSY3452: Social and Affective Neuroscience

Social and affective neuroscience is an interdisciplinary research field that has emerged in the last ~15 years. This subject area focuses on uncovering the brain basis of affective (e.g., emotions and moods) and social processes in both human and non-human animals. In this module, you will be able to acquire an overview of contemporary research in social and affective neuroscience, and explore how the brain regulates processes like empathy, altruism, aggression, fear and anxiety, and social learning. Examples of research questions that will be addressed include 'How does the brain recognise and generate responses to others' emotions?', 'How does the brain coordinate defensive emotions like fear and anxiety?', 'What is the difference between emotions and feelings?', and 'How does the brain enable us to learn from others?'.

These topics will be addressed in an interactive way that combines seminars, student-led discussions, and journal clubs.

This module will build on a basic understanding of experimental psychology and neuroanatomy, such as that acquired from earlier modules in biological psychology (PSY1202 and PSY2304).

In this module, you will learn how the brain regulates different affective and social processes that are critical for adaptive human behaviour.

Through interactive seminars, discussions and journal clubs, you will be able to:

- Critically discuss a range of research topics within social and affective neuroscience

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PSY3458: The Psychology of Inequality, Conflict and Social Change

We are living in a time of rapid social change. Although group inequalities and discrimination still persist, public awareness of and discussions about these issues have increased thanks to the advent and efforts of social movements. Movements like #MeToo, Occupy Wall Street, and Fridays For Future have been integral in highlighting injustice, providing affected people and communities with a platform to discuss their experiences, and persuading bystanders (i.e., people not currently involved in the cause) to act to promote change.

Unfortunately, social change is not linear or straightforward. It can take years, even decades, to mobilise and successfully instigate change, if at all. And even when these changes gain popular attention and start to take effect, they are often met with opposition from members of historically advantaged groups who seek to protect the status quo and affirm their status and privilege. How can we understand people's willingness to support and engage in collective efforts to bring about social change? In this module, we will draw upon social, political, and feminist psychological methods, theories, and findings to develop an evidence-based understanding of intergroup inequalities and social change. Together, we will explore four key questions:

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PSY3464: The Psychology of Human-Animal Intergroup Relations

Humans have a unique relationship with animals. Some of them (e.g., dogs) we love as family members. Others (e.g., pigs) are used as objects for food. How is it possible that we treat these animals so differently? In this module we will study the contemporary psychology of how humans can love some animals and eat others. We will study perspectives from moral philosophy, social psychology, and developmental psychology to understand how across the lifespan we form hierarchies, develop prejudices, and overcome our meat-related cognitive dissonance. The content will be presented in interactive lectures, student presentations, and discussions of research papers.

In this module, we will take a broad approach to different facets of helping behaviour. Our aim will be to discover the fundamental processes that explain how humans can love some animals and eat others. With that, the module will allow you to study a basic question about human nature.
Through attending the seminar sessions and studying the provided course materials, you will gain specific knowledge in:

• Understanding the meat paradox
• Stereotypes about vegans and vegetarians
• Meat-related cognitive dissonance
• The development of these processes across the lifespan
• How prejudices towards animals relate to other human prejudices

You will also more broadly develop your abilities to:

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PSY3465: Political Psychology

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PSY3051: Virtual Reality and Psychology

This module explores the intersection of virtual reality (VR) technology and psychological research. You will gain foundational knowledge of VR, including its technological components, key applications, and methodological considerations in psychology. Emphasis will be placed on understanding VR's potential to study perception, cognition, and neurodiversity. Through critical evaluation and practical workshops, you will develop skills to design and assess VR-based psychological studies, fostering an understanding of ethical and practical challenges.

Introduce you to immersive technology, particularly VR, and its applications in psychological research.

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PSY3418: Processes of Human Memory

The ability to remember information is fundamental to successful functioning in our everyday environment. This module will consider a variety of different approaches including the study of patients with different forms of amnesia, brain imaging techniques (with a particular emphasis on fMRI) and behavioural methods to try to understand how human memory works. Throughout the module we will explore the idea that memory can be broken down into various different sub-types relying on different parts of the brain. We will also discuss current understanding of memory and critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of recent work. The module combines lectures by the module convener with student presentations and discussions on critical issues.

The aim of this module is to provide you with a strong background on key aspects of human long-term memory. Whilst a particular aim is for you to obtain a thorough understanding of current knowledge, particular emphasis will be placed on topics that are currently under heated debate and where you will be asked to critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different positions. You will be expected to develop your presentation skills during the course and to interact with the module convener and other students whilst discussing key issues.

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PSY3419: Studying Cognition and Emotion with Brain Imaging

Studying the mind by measuring the brain... is it possible, enlightening, beneficial? Until recently experimental and clinical psychologists have relied on overt manifestations of behaviour to investigate the mental processes. Dramatic technological developments have made it possible to measure (and even alter) innocuously brain function. This module is about the methods that have been developed to derive knowledge about the mental processes from various kinds of brain measurements. The module requires basic knowledge of brain neurophysiology, and solid understanding of experimental psychology and clinical psychology (see pre-requisites below). Thus, it is rarely suitable for non-psychology students.

The main objective of the module is to provide you with specialised knowledge and critical understanding of the most widely used brain-imaging technologies. An important aim of the seminar is to develop a thorough understanding of the bio-physical principles underlying imaging techniques, and also to provide you with specialised knowledge about a variety of psychological domains in which they are employed. The seminar will not just focus on research applications - there will be an equally strong emphasis on clinical applications of brain-imaging. A comparative approach will be used, with attention drawn to both advantages and drawbacks of different imaging modalities.

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PSY3420: Brain Plasticity and Language Learning across the Lifespan

This third-year module is a truly multidisciplinary course. It focuses on how the brain acquires and updates information across the lifespan, using language as an example and with references to general models of learning and consolidation in humans and animals. Starting with the notions of functional and structure neural plasticity, the course moves progressively towards understanding cellular and systems consolidations, before tackling proper key questions about language learning (including bilingualism) from birth to adulthood. Special attention is also given to the role of sleep as a promoting factor for consolidating memories. Aspects relating to language learning deficits, as well as remediation and reacquisition are also considered.

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PSY3427: Compulsive Behaviour

Why do some people lose control over their behaviour? This seminar will examine the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying impulsive-compulsive behaviour in psychological disorders ranging from OCD and substance use to the more recently recognised or proposed behavioural 'addictions' (problem gambling, over-eating, gaming, social media and shopping 'addictions'). Seminars will be taught by Professor Natalia Lawrence (OCD, gambling, eating disorders) and Dr Jamie Tully (substance use and some behavioural addictions). Research findings from genetic, animal, neuroimaging and clinical studies will be discussed in order to understand the risk factors and underlying mechanisms associated with impulsive and compulsive behaviour. We will also consider the implications for the prevention and treatment of relevant disorders. Implications for sustainable consumption and sustainable development goals will also be considered.

The aim of this module is to provide you with a thorough, up-to-date understanding of the neural and psychological bases of disorders of compulsion, including knowledge and understanding of relevant theories and research methods.

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PSY3436: Neuropsychology of Ageing and Dementia

With age comes wisdom. But living longer doesn't always mean living better. In 2017, the World Health Organisation estimated that there were 50 million people living with dementia globally; 1 million in the UK. The impact of dementia extends beyond the person to be felt also by the family, friends and wider community. There are currently no medical treatments available to cure these conditions. One-third of cases of Alzheimer's disease, however, are thought to arise from modifiable factors such as obesity, smoking, depression and limited educational opportunities in earlier life. Consequently, there is great need to understand and extend our knowledge of both 'normal ageing' and pathological changes.

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PSY3437: The Psychology of Addiction

Psychological science is torn between constructing theories of addiction that appeal to reductive biosciences and the apparent power of medical interventions, versus theories emphasising individual lived experience and socio-cultural context, which make more intuitive sense but invite more complex socioeconomic intervention strategies. This theoretical tension is particularly acute in addiction psychology. As addictive drugs are neuro-active there is a strong tendency to assume that addiction is primarily caused by biological risk factors, and therefore, that medical interventions offer the best hope for treatment. However, critics from the social sciences have challenged this biomedical model, questioning its accuracy and efficacy, and arguing the depiction of substance users as bio-psychologically deficient serves neoliberal hegemony perpetuating social injustice for a traditionally marginalised group. Understanding addiction is further complicated by wide ranging conflicts of interest biasing the process of knowledge creation - a meta-scientific concern. For Instance, psychologists have a strong tendency to endorse self-medication theory, claiming that addiction arises from comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as depression. However, self-medication theory fails under critical scrutiny, and mood management psychotherapies have produced only small and nonspecific therapeutic effects for addiction, suggesting the popularity of self-medication theory may lie in its fit with psychologists' toolkit, enhancing their clinical employability, rather than its predictive or therapeutic utility. Another source of complexity arises from the information war waged by the harmful commodities industry that profits from lying about the advantages of their products such as alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, gambling and junk food, corrupting knowledge production and public understanding. Consequently, modern public health professionals must concern themselves with combating commercial misinformation at the same time as constructing health messaging to promote behaviour change. Students who take this module will learn how to critically evaluate primary evidence for biases, and how to build evidence-based causal theories of addiction and recommendations for effective intervention policy. This module would be useful for students who wish to pursue a career in clinical psychology, public health, health psychology, forensic psychology, research, marketing, data analytics, activism, politics and law, etc.

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PSY3449: The Evolution of Social Behaviour

Why and how do we live in groups? This module investigates the evolutionary underpinnings of social living, and explores how they influence our social behaviour and shape the societies we live in. We will take a broad, evolutionary perspective, drawing on scientific evidence from observational, experimental and theoretical studies on humans and a diverse range of other animals. We will examine in depth how group living entails both benefits (e.g. protection, access to resources and information) and costs (e.g. competition, exposure to disease), and consider the mechanisms that have evolved to stabilise the competing interests of individual group members. You will take part in discussions, presentations and debates about the practical and theoretical problems that living in groups poses for individuals, and engage with the cutting-edge literature that tackles these fundamental issues.

You will gain knowledge and understanding of:

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PSY3450: Philosophy of Mind

In this module you will study the relation between 'mind' and 'matter' - the mind-matter problem . Drawing upon centuries of thought as well as recent developments in the sciences, you will consider an array of options that seeks to frame our place in Nature. You will explore a range of questions, including the following: What is 'mind'? Is mind identical to, emergent through, separate from, or causative for, events in the brain? Is the mind conditioned byphysical events that extend beyond the brain and body? Do mind and matter both emerge from a neutral substance? How is mental causation (including free will) possible in a physical world? Is mind an illusion? Is matter an illusion? Is it possible for machines and/or plants to have sentience, and how might we determine this? Is the mind-matter problem even solvable by humans? There is one fundamental problem, and many possible replies.

Though the module can be complex in parts, you need not have a background in any philosophical discourse, or in any other specific discipline.

This module is intended to broaden your conceptions of what the mind (consciousness, perceptions, memories, emotions, thoughts, etc.) might be in relation to 'reality' in general. In turn, this broadening can offer new insights and the development of novel hypotheses in relation to other facets and problems in psychology.

In addition to this intended conceptual broadening, you will develop skills such as:

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PSY3049: The Psychosocial Perspectives of the Development and Perpetuation of EDs throughout the Lifespan

Body image and eating disorders are shaped by a complex interplay of psychological, sociocultural, genetic, and neurobiological factors, influencing how individuals perceive and relate to their bodies. While a positive body image can promote well-being, body dissatisfaction and eating disorders can lead to significant psychological distress and physical health complications. In this seminar you will examine the causes, consequences, and treatment of body image concerns and eating disorders across the lifespan, exploring their connections to psychological processes, biological influences, societal norms, media representations, cultural contexts, and intersecting identities. You will review evidence-based interventions, including psychological therapies and advocacy efforts, while critically engaging with current debates on prevention, treatment, recovery, and long-term support.

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PSY3050: Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy: Theory and Practice

This module focuses on the theory and practice of cognitive and behavioral therapy (CBT), providing students with an in-depth understanding of its foundational principles and therapeutic techniques. It covers core CBT concepts, including cognitive restructuring, behavioral interventions, and the role of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and the body in mental health. You will explore how CBT is used to treat various psychological conditions, with an emphasis on evidence-based approaches. The module includes practical skills such as developing CBT case formulations and applying CBT techniques to real-world clinical scenarios. Through exposure to gold-standard CBT models and third-wave CBT therapies, you will gain the tools necessary to facilitate change and improve mental health outcomes.

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PSY3425: Cognitive Behavioural Approaches to Mood Disorders

Mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder are prevalent and disabling conditions that result in marked individual suffering and functional impairment and significant costs to broader society. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based approach to treatment of mood disorders that has been widely implemented in the UK NHS, including via the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme. By choosing this module you will develop an understanding and critical appreciation regarding core theoretical foundations of CBT and knowledge of key intervention techniques in CBT. You will be able to evaluate the evidence as to whether CBT is clinically- and cost- effective and gain an appreciation of the core research methodologies used in applied health care research. There will be a particular focus on adult depression and bipolar depression treated using classic CBT and evaluation of the IAPT framework. However, the module will also examine novel 'third wave' CBT treatments (including mindfulness approaches and Augmented Depression Therapy developed in Exeter by the Mood Disorders Centre).You will be encouraged to try out CBT techniques in seminars and as homework to promote experiential learning. The module is led by clinical-academic psychologists working in the clinical research group who will be able to draw on both their own clinical practice and research experience to enrich the module. Individuals with lived-experience of mood disorders will also co-facilitate some sessions to provide a personal perspective on the pros and cons of CBT.

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PSY3426: Parental Psychiatric Disorders and Children's Development

Parental mental health problems are associated with a wide range of child outcomes. In this module you will gain a thorough understanding of the environmental processes by which parental psychiatric disorders may affect children's development. You will also gain a critical understanding of how and why some groups of children may function well despite exposure to risk factors. There will be an emphasis on how to translate recent empirical findings into prevention and intervention efforts that have the potential to help parents and their children.

This module aims to provide you with a thorough and critical understanding of the mechanisms by which parental psychiatric disorders may exert their effects upon children's development.

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PSY3446: Prevention Science in Developmental Psychopathology

Can we prevent common mental health problems like anxiety and depression in young people? Although efficacious mental health treatments exist, not everyone will get benefit from these and barriers to service use such as limited resources, perceived stigma or a preference for self-reliance means unfortunately that most people in need of treatment do not actually receive any. For these reasons, it is important to focus our collective efforts on prevention as well as treatment of the development of psychopathology in young people. This module will guide you through the key issues in preventing common mental health problems and identify important vulnerability factors in their pathogenesis. These will include both distal (e.g. early adversity, genes) and proximal (e.g. life events, stress response, friendships) factors. You will gain a thorough grounding in current prevention research and develop an understanding of emerging areas for novel interventions such as nutritional psychology. Research findings from basic science, developmental psychology, clinical psychology and psychiatric epidemiology will be discussed in order to understand underlying mechanisms and risk and resilience factors.

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PSY3451: Clinical Neuroscience: Brains, Drugs and Psychiatry

This module will introduce you to the state-of-the-art research in human neurosciences employed to explore - and treat - psychiatric disorders ranging from schizophrenia to depression, dementia and addiction. Through a combination of lectures, student-led workshops and lab visits, you'll be introduced to brain anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and brain imaging tools such M/EEG and MRI. Our focus will be on the clinical application of these tools - probing the experimental approaches that are leading to breakthroughs in understanding and treating psychiatric illness.

This module will be highly interdisciplinary in nature, but is especially suited to those students with interests in clinical neurosciences, neuroimaging and pharmacology.

The primary objective of this module is to equip you with an understanding of the key methodologies in clinical neuroscience research - including the promises and pitfalls of each method in aiding our understanding of psychiatric illness.

Topics will cover neurophysiology, brain imaging technologies, pharmacology, clinical trials and novel therapeutics, and models of the brain. Alongside a scientific introduction to crucial methods, sessions will focus on the application of methods to understanding the neurobiology of a variety of psychiatric illnesses.

Through this module, you will:

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PSY3455: Environmental Psychology

Environmental psychology explores the relationships people have with their environments, whether those be built, social, natural or virtual - how we interact and engage with our surroundings, how we influence and change our environments, as well as how our environments impact upon us.

In this module we introduce you to some of the key topics in this broad research area, including

• relationships between spending time in natural environments and human wellbeing
• how the design of built and urban environments can affect behaviour, learning and health
• the psychology of pro-environmental behaviour and sustainability
• perception of environmental risks

No prior knowledge is needed to take this module and it is suitable for inter-disciplinary pathways.

This module introduces literature on environmental psychology, including contemporary studies in this area. You will examine differing approaches and research methodologies for the study of the relationships between humans and their environments and will critically evaluate the contribution these make to our understanding of human behaviour, with relevance for the formation of social policy.

In this module we will consider questions such as:

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PSY3456: Cognitive Biases in Emotion and Psychopathology

Heightened emotional vulnerability and psychopathology are often characterised by distinctive patterns in attention and thoughts. Thus, theories of emotion vulnerability and psychopathology integrate cognitive models to better understand causes and interventions for emotional disorders. A primary focus of these models are biases in the way information is prioritised and processed. For example, people who are prone to anxiety exhibit biases that promote the negative interpretation of ambiguous information, and which direct attention toward negative information.

Through a combination of lectures, discussions, and student presentations, this module will guide you to critically evaluate evidence from various experimental approaches used to assess and modify biases in information processing. You will reflect on our current scientific understanding of the relationship between biases in information processing and emotional vulnerability and psychopathology.

The module aims to provide you with a broad understanding of the historical and current understanding of the relationship between biases in information processing and emotional vulnerability and psychopathology.

You will be guided to evaluate research examining emotion linked biases across a range of cognitive processes, including . . .

• Selective attention.
• Interpretation of ambiguous information.
• Behavioural approach and avoidance tendencies.
• And others . . .

Areas of emotion and psychopathology covered may include . . .

• Anxiety
• Fear/Phobia
• Depression
• Consumption
• Substance use
• Body image
• Chronic pain

Using a 'journal club' approach that mimics genuine research group activities, the module aims to help you develop skills that will be transferable to future research and employment activities. These include:

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PSY3457: The Psychology of Play

Play is essential to childhood and is protected in the UN Convention of the Right of Child. This module will consider the relation between play and child outcomes, including cognition, education, and mental health. Throughout this module we will explore the changing landscape of play, how play is used for interventions and the role of play in learning. The module will use a combination of lectures from the module convenor, but will require you to actively engage in in-class discussions, presentations, and debates. No prior knowledge is needed to take this module. This module is suitable for inter-disciplinary pathways - and may be of particular interest to students wishing to pursue careers working with children and/or in an educational context.

This module will provide you with knowledge and critical understanding of the role of play in development, behaviour, and health. The module aims to explore in depth the relationship between play and cognition, social development, mental health, and education. In addition, you will examine the impact of the social (societal beliefs, norms, attitudes) and physical environment (space, access) on opportunities for play.

This module will involve interactive elements, including group discussions, presentations, and debates. There will also be a focus on developing skills in science communication, including the importance of communicating with parents, schools, and policy makers.

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PSY3463: Violence against Women and Girls: Causes, Consequences and Interventions

This module provides an opportunity to reflect on the challenge of violence against women and girls. It will focus on understanding the magnitude, the causes of violence, as well as health consequences. We will also explore what can be done to prevent and respond to violence, reflecting on contemporary debates in the field. This module will primarily look at research and evidence from the 'global south'. We'll draw on a range of theories to understand the issue and how it can be prevented. Teaching will be a mix of lectures, a group activity over the term and individual work.

This module aims to enable you to apply your prior learnings to the real world challenge of violence against women and girls. Drawing on a range of theories, including social psychology, economics and public health this module will explore the causes of violence against women, its consequences and importantly how we can work to prevent it through structured programmes. Each week we will explore a different aspect of violence against women. The module will be a mixture of lectures, a group activity allowing you to apply your knowledge over the term, and individual reflection and work. This module will be relevant to those of you who are thinking of applying psychology outside of formal clinical practice, as the lessons and concepts applied here, are useful for thinking about social change more widely.

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