BA Sociology and Criminology

CRI1003: Social Issues: Part I - Introducing Crime and Deviance

This module offers a foundational basis to the study of social life by introducing you to the social study of crime, deviance, and the criminal justice system. This will include examining the historical patterning of crime, the 'causes' of illegal activities and social responses to such acts. Taking this module you will learn to understand the multi-perspectival nature of the study of crime, to explore terrains that are often contested, and to develop a critical appreciation of the methodological issues associated with knowing rates of crime. The module will include elements of taught instruction and small group discussions. The main teaching method consists of lectures and tutorials. You will work independently on the summative and formative assessment exercises. No pre-requisites or co-requisites are required. It is suitable for non-specialist students and those on interdisciplinary pathways.

• Introduce you to central issues within the study of crime and deviance
• Situate the study of crime and its causes within the social sciences as a whole
• Foster understanding of the varied qualitative and quantitative methodologies for assessing crime
• Enable you to undertake independent research

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CRI1004: Social Issues: Part II - Themes in Criminology

This module offers an intermediate level analysis of crime and deviance by considering several core themes in criminology. It extends the analysis from SOC1039 'Social Issues: Part I', which is a prerequisite. Taking this module will extend your understanding of the study of crime, to allow you to explore terrains that are often contested, and to develop a critical appreciation of the methodological issues associated with knowing rates of crime. You will be invited to develop your critical thinking in understanding the construction of data through practical examinations of important controversies in the study of crime. By considering the contested nature of crime and criminalisation (e.g. in the context of the discussions around race), the module offers an opportunity to think about power in the development and implementation of criminological policy. The module will include elements of taught instruction and small group discussions. The main teaching method consists of lectures and tutorials. You will work independently on the summative and formative assessment exercises. It is suitable for non-specialist students and those on interdisciplinary pathways.

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SPA1000: Imagining Social Worlds

Sociologists and anthropologists are primarily concerned with understanding the human condition. To do this, they conduct research which enable them to explore the lives, experiences, and world views of their human subjects. In this module you will receive training in academic study skills. You will become familiar with a wide range of research methods used to imagine the social worlds of the 'others' they have studied. You will systematically study the texts which social researchers produce to learn about these methods. You will also learn practical skills in conducting qualitative research interviews and how to critically engage with quantitative research evidence. There are no pre-requisites to this module.

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SOC1000: Contemporary Society: Themes, Perspectives and Case Studies

In this module you will study the subject matter of sociology. Looking at various concepts, theoretical perspectives and research areas, you will consider key sociological terms and their relevance to explaining contemporary social phenomena. The module encourages you to develop a critical understanding of the rise and transformation of modern societies from the 18th century to the present day, with a particular focus on the last three decades. Different foci will serve as mini-introductions to many of the optional modules in years 2 and 3. The module has no pre-requisites or co-requisites required. This module is suitable for non-specialist students and interdisciplinary pathways.

This module is intended to help you develop a critical understanding of the transformation of modern societies from Enlightenment to the present day. The module aims to inspire a genuine engagement with topical research and scholarship by introducing you to sociological ways of seeing and explaining the modern world. It familiarises you with diverse sociological perspectives and specialist fields, connecting them to general socio-historical developments.

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SOC1001: Social Analysis

The module will introduce you to a range of sociologically significant contemporary phenomena and the ways in which social scientists study them. Both theoretical and empirical sociological work will be explored to understand the kind of questions social scientists ask, as well as the answers they provide, in their analysis of the social world. You will learn about social inequality and poverty and the ways to measure and analyse them. You will examine gender differences, immigration, ageing and other widely discussed issues. The main focus of the module is on the sociological perspectives, but we will also explore ideas and approaches from other social sciences.

The main aim of this module is to introduce you to the main areas, concepts and approaches in sociology and in other social sciences. You will be equipped with the conceptual and methodological toolkit required for researching a range of sociologically relevant issues. You will also gain an understanding of the substantive areas where social analysis skills can be applied.

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SOC1053: Imagining Social Worlds: Social Research Methods

Sociologists and anthropologists are primarily concerned with understanding the human condition. To do this, they conduct research which enable them to explore the lives, experiences, and world views of their human subjects. In this module you will receive training in academic study skills. You will become familiar with a wide range of research methods used to imagine the social worlds of the 'others' they have studied. You will systematically study the texts which social researchers produce to learn about these methods. You will also learn practical skills in conducting qualitative research interviews and how to critically engage with quantitative research evidence. There are no pre-requisites to this module.

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CRI1005: Introduction to Criminal Justice

This module offers an introduction to the theoretical, conceptual, and historical framework in which to study criminology and the Criminal Justice System. You will develop an awareness of social diversity and inequalities within the Criminal Justice System. The main teaching method consists of lectures and tutorials, in which there will be taught elements alongside small group discussions and debates. You will work independently on the summative and formative assessments developing your written and communication skills, and transferable skills. This module is suitable for non-specialist students, those on interdisciplinary pathways as there are no pre-requisites or co-requisites required.

This module aims to:

• Introduce you to the Criminal Justice System and the study of crime
• Provide you with a critical understanding of some of the key theoretical, conceptual and historical approached within criminology
• Provide you with a basic understanding of the use, implications and ethics of the methodologies applied to practices, theories and the organisational of the Criminal Justice System.
• Give you opportunities to engage with and analyse the representations of crime and responses to crime by the Criminal Justice System.
• Train you to recognise and evaluate competing insights within Criminology and the Criminal Justice System

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ANT1000: Introduction to Social Anthropology

This module will introduce you to the methods and perspectives of socio/cultural anthropology. You will encounter a range of classic and contemporary ethnographic case studies, gaining a foundational knowledge of anthropological theory and concepts. The module will help you to question cultural assumptions and think critically about the questions and challenges anthropologists encounter when studying the social world. You will have the opportunity to apply anthropological theories to contemporary problems and to develop an understanding of the role of ethnographic fieldwork in social science research. Although the focus is on the study of human cultural diversity and social organisation, we will also consider the historical processes and colonial legacies that have shaped the discipline.

This module aims to provide foundational knowledge of anthropological theory and concepts, and learn how to think critically and analytically about key questions and problems in studying the diverse worlds that human beings inhabit. It will require you to start to learn about ethnographic methods, which are increasingly used in a variety of organisational and professional contexts, including the practical and ethical dilemmas that researchers often face.

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SOC1028: Media and Society

This module introduces you to the social scientific study of the media. Media are forms of communication. They range from hieroglyphs on walls to text messages. The media of communication are central to every society, as they make social life possible. They also can have profound, and often unnoticed, influences on how a particular society works. From people's everyday lives to the major social institutions like religion and government, media are essential, not just because they carry messages and meanings but because they have the capacity to shape those messages and meanings. The course allows you to develop a broad understanding of the media, both historically and in the present day. The course presents the main different types of analysis of the media, and their roles in society, that have been developed by a broad range of social scientists. In particular, two themes are highlighted: how media have both shaped and been shaped by modern societies, and how the 'power' of the media can be understood from a range of perspectives. Central substantive topics include: media as manipulators; the changing nature of media technologies and industries; the social construction of reality by media; the nature of media audiences; the media's relations to politics and the public sphere; and the postmodernization and globalization of media landscapes. The course encourages you to reflect upon the strengths and limitations of different approaches to media analysis in relation to the contents of media products, and modes of media production, distribution, consumption and use.

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SPA1002: Population and Society

This module will introduce you to the field of demography - the systematic study of human populations. Recent developments including the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic, Brexit and changing immigration policy, or population ageing, have demonstrated the increasing importance of understanding demographic processes of mortality, migration and fertility. In this module, you will learn about how these processes drive population change and the ways in which these changes affect or influenced by social and political developments in the UK, as well as other parts of the world.

This module will cover key demographic theories, including the first and the second demographic transition theories and the low fertility trap hypothesis. We will discuss different ways of measuring fertility, mortality and migration and how they are shaped by societal-level factors, such as education and economic developments. We will also discuss the role of policy interventions in shaping population trends, as in the case of China's one-child policy or other policies aimed at regulating population size and structure. In addition, this module will cover issues of inequality in health and longevity and the complex relationship between population growth and climate change.

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SPA1004: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

This module will introduce the core societal, philosophical and ethical issues raised by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Large Language Models (LLM) and provide a practical introduction to ethical use of Generative AI, with a focus on higher education. The module is suitable for all philosophy, sociology, criminology, anthropology, politics and international relations students who want to understand the philosophical issues related to AI and LLMs, and to acquire practical skills in the ethical use of AI.

• You will learn to identify and assess societal, philosophical and ethical issues raised by the development of artificial intelligence.
• You will learn research skills in ethically using Generative AI.
• You will develop core philosophical skills such as critical reflection, argumentation and clarity of expression.

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SSI1005: Introduction to Social Data

'Women do 11 hours more housework than men' or 'Violent crime is down for three years in a row'. Much social science research uses quantitative research methods and statistics to investigate social phenomena ranging from employment, crime rates, health outcomes, political participation and social class. This introductory first-year module introduces you to key concepts in quantitative research design,data collection and data analysis as a basis for understanding such social phenomena

This module is suitable for all social science students and is part of the Q-Step core sequence in research methods.

The aim of this module is to introduce you to quantitative research design,data collection and basic data analysis. More specifically, it uses data sets and research examples drawn from existing social science research to illustrate core concepts and methods in quantitative research. By introducing you to methods such as experiments and surveys, and the type of social science research that can be produced using these, this module lays the foundation for understanding quantitative methods and for your own experience in conducting quantitative studies.

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SSI1006: Data Analysis in Social Science 1

The purpose of the module is to introduce you to data analytical tools commonly used in social science research. It is designed for students with no previous experience of quantitative methods or statistics. It will provide you with a basic knowledge of the foundations of descriptive statistics and inference, focusing especially on methods for data presentation, description, and visualization. You will also become familiar with statistical software packages (Excel and R) commonly used in academic and workplace settings. Laboratory (Lab) sessions will be used to re-enforce the material covered in the lectures and to help apply the core concepts seen in class to relevant practical problems. Throughout the module, you will link the techniques and methods learned in class to substantively relevant political science questions - e.g., are there differences in corruption levels and its determinants across countries? What are the key determinants of income inequality in the UK?

SSI1005 (SOC1004/POL1008) is a pre-requisite and no co-requisites are required.

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CRI2004: International Criminal Justice: Application of Theory to Transnational and International Crime

This module is an introduction to the nature and scope of international and transnational crime and how different criminological theories explain these crimes. In this era of globalization these crimes are becoming more common and have larger and more harmful effects on people and societies. You will be introduced to different philosophical approaches theorists have made in explaining crime and how each theory poses unique policy implications for how to address these crimes in societies.

This module aims to provide you with introductory knowledge of international criminal justice concerns with transnational and international crime in the globalizing world. It aims to teach you how to apply criminological theories and develop your critical thinking skills to engage in theory-based policy discussions.

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SOC2005: Theoretical Sociology

This module will introduce you to a variety of perspectives in both classical and modern social theory. Topics can broadly be grouped under two headings, though inter-relations between the two will be explored: general understandings of social relations and processes (such as ethno-methodology and actor-network theory); and big ideas about the shape of contemporary society (such as Lyotard's ideas about postmodernity and Foucault's ideas about on discipline). You will have the opportunity to think about how to apply theory in order to better understand your own experiences, as well as the world around you. You should have completed core first-year modules in sociology or anthropology before taking this module.

In this course, you will be introduced to a wide range of theoretical texts in social theory, classical and modern, and will develop an ability to read such texts closely. However, you will also be encouraged to think critically about the nature and purpose of social theorizing—to ask what the point of abstract theory is, and what theory is good for. We will then examine a range of theoretical perspectives and substantive topics that can be used to deepen our understanding of the social nature of personal and everyday experiences—of ourselves, and of others in our society and around the world. In assignments and exams, you will be expected to illustrate and extend the ideas they encounter, using concrete examples from their own lives and surroundings.

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SPA2000: Knowing the Social World

Knowing how to pay attention to social life in a formalised way is at the heart of social science research. This can involve core principles from research methods, but research is also a creative and craft skill which is best learned through practice. This module draws together ideas from sociology, anthropology, and empirical philosophy to explore primarily qualitative and basic quantitative approaches to knowing the social world for the undergraduate researcher. You will consider techniques including interviewing, participant observation, unobtrusive and oblique measures, focus groups, survey methods, online methods, critical statistics, and social media as a research tool. The module will provide you with an appreciation of the kinds of topics and social issues that sociologists, anthropologists and criminologists work on in contemporary culture. You will have the opportunity to acquire hands-on research experience, designing a research proposal, implementing an empirical pilot study and analysing your own data. You will also consider how practices of describing social data do not only describe but contribute to what we know, and can know, about social reality. You will learn the essential knowledge and skills needed to conduct an empirical research study and be asked to reflect upon the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and approaches to research.

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SOC2037: Pharmaceutical Cultures

'There's a pill for everything': Pharmaceutical products are taken by millions of people in the UK and around the world. Pharmaceuticals such as birth control pills and antidepressants have come to assume an increasingly prominent place in everyday life. This module will provide an opportunity for you to think about how the individual act of taking a tablet is embedded within a series of global formations and processes. You will explore how medications taken by consumers in the UK are connected to global dynamics—for example, such drugs are often the products of transnational corporations, tested in clinical trials outsourced to developing countries; and marketed globally through promotional campaigns, internet discussion groups and online pharmacies. You will also consider the range of uses (and abuses) of pharmaceutical products outside the medical sphere; from recreational use to cognitive enhancement.

This module is suitable for anyone interested in the social science of medicine, health and illness. Its interdisciplinary approach will appeal to students in sociology, psychology, anthropology, medicine/health sciences, law and other social sciences, as well as wider university disciplines.

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SOC2039: Sociology of Family and Gender

This module will focus on recent trends in family and living arrangements in post-industrial societies amid changing family policies and gender norms. You will learn about the social organisation of production and reproduction, including the gendered division of labour and the underlying factors that shape it. You will also learn about the relationship between the gendered division of labour and family and fertility behaviours and different policy approaches to 'family-work balance'. You will be introduced to both quantitative and qualitative studies on this topic.

The aim of this module is to provide you with a better understanding of the interplay between family patterns, social context and gender norms and to enable you to address related policy questions, e.g.: Why do women in some countries are more likely to drop out of the labour market after having children than in others? How come that European countries with higher female employment rates also demonstrate higher fertility levels? Do more egalitarian couples have higher union stability? Or, do assisted reproductive technologies promote gender equality?

The module will include class discussions and four 'book clubs' to facilitate critical engagement with the studied material.

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SOC2087: Disability and Society

Disability - while commonly thought of as medical in nature - is a social topic that provides surprising insights into a range of sociological topics, from social institutions to social identities, to the ethically contentious (e.g., many issues in the realm of reproduction and end of life) to the highly topical (e.g. are the obese disabled? should schools be inclusive?). In this module you will examine disability in its historical context, and the rise - and social and cultural impacts - of critical disability politics. You will look across cultures at how normality and deviance are understood, produced and controlled, and at what shapes the varieties of disability-related experiences of people across the world. You will examine questions of social inclusion and exclusion, independence and dependence, and the constructedness of both disability and ability. The course considers the changing social context and meanings of disability rather than analysing in detail specific disabilities, although particular disabilities may be focused on in the course of investigating issues such as stigma or independence.

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SPA2011: Aging, Health and Society

This course will examine ageing, later life and health. Drawing on sociological, anthropological and gerontological theories, concepts and empirical studies, the module will consider age as a factor in health and wellbeing; cultural understandings and representations of ageing and its relationship to health; different conceptions of the body at later ages; (bio)medical constructions of ageing and older people; and different conceptions of care in the contexts of ageing populations and globalisation. The module will call on you to question taken for granted assumptions about what it means to age 'well' in the contemporary context. The module readings will provide you with the tools to interpret ageing and health from both an interpersonal and small-scale perspective through to macro national and global perspectives.

The aim of this module is to engage you in interdisciplinary social science theories, concepts and empirical research on ageing and health. The module aims to develop your understanding of age in the context of health as more than a factor of increased morbidity and instead to encourage students to consider ageing and wellness through social, historical and cultural frameworks. By the end of the module, you will be able to critically evaluate different models for understanding ageing, the body and health

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SPA2013: Science, Technology and Society

This course will introduce you to a set of ideas that explore science and technology as cultural practice, social institutions, and systems of knowledge production and will help you understand their multiple roles in wider society. We will investigate the processes by which knowledge produced and how this knowledge in turn remakes the world. Over the course of a term, we will encounter key concepts from the field of science and technology studies (STS), including objectivity, agency, knowledge, power, risk, responsible innovation, nature/culture, reflexivity, diffraction, practices and intersectionality, and apply these ideas to reach a deeper understanding of contemporary scientific and technological debates.

This is module is suitable for non-specialist students and is recommended for interdisciplinary pathways.

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SPA2019: Politics of Food and Farming

The module provides an introduction to the historical and contemporary politics of food and farming. It is international in outlook but centres on the struggles and contestations over land and food production in the UK from sociological and anthropological perspectives. It charts some of the key social, economic and policy transformations that have shaped the agri-food landscape and considers how and why power has been enacted and resisted in various guises, at various times and in various places. The post-Brexit agricultural transition shapes contemporary debates about the future of food and farming in the UK. The module explores themes such as climate change, rewilding, agro-ecology and eco-modernism whilst investigating the politics behind the various ways in which different futures and agri-environmental management approaches have been envisioned and promulgated. The management of the Commons provides a thematic focus throughout the module.

- You will understand the historical and contemporary struggles over land, farming, food and environment in the UK

- You will understand the current crises inherent in food and farming and the various futures being envisaged in response

- You will develop your capacity to think critically about land-use management and associated policy issues

- You will appreciate the impacts and challenges of policy-making and be able to formulate pragmatic and balanced policy recommendations

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SPA2020: Emotions, the Body and the Social

Modern social sciences have tended to sideline and devalue emotions. The traditional and problematic emphasis on 'rationality' and 'consciousness' in the social sciences has led to a heavy cognitive bias which has increasingly come under scrutiny from academics in disciplines from sociology to neuroscience.

This module will introduce you to the study of emotions as social and cultural phenomena. We will engage with theorizations of emotions drawing from a range of disciplines in order to ask 'what are emotions?', and to explore the relation between emotions and cognition, the body, and language. These discussions will provide the theoretical foundations to engage with and reflect upon 'traditional' social theories as well as to engage analytically with social phenomena. We will look at how sociologists have examined particular emotions, such as shame, or emotional phenomena, such as sexuality, as well as employing theoretical discussions to analyse and reconsider sociological accounts of contemporary social phenomena, such as race and power.

The module aims to introduce students to the study and theorisations of emotions in the social sciences.

To provide students with the opportunity to develop conceptual and theoretical understandings of the role of emotions and affect in social life.

To facilitate students' critical engagement more broadly with sociological theories and themes through the lens of emotion.

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SPA2022: Addiction

No celebrity lifestyle is complete without checking in to a treatment centre for an addiction, whether to prescription drugs, alcohol, heroin, gambling or sex. But, what do we mean by ‘addiction’? Does it make sense to talk about an ‘internet addiction’ in the same way as a ‘heroin addiction’? And, how should we as a society respond to addicts? In this module, you will critically analyse the concepts, practices and policy surrounding addiction, dependence, drug use and treatment in contemporary society.

This module is suitable for anyone interested in the social science or medical aspects of addiction. Its interdisciplinary approach will appeal to students in sociology, psychology, anthropology, medicine/health sciences, law and other social sciences as well as wider disciplines.

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SPA2027: Bodies and Society

What is a 'normal' body and what does this look like? Does the body end at the skin? Are there different ways to 'do' the body? This module will introduce you to contemporary sociological and anthropological approaches to understanding how bodies are 'made'/'done', manipulated, shaped, reproduced, represented and experienced. You will consider theory on how bodily norms are created and reinforced, moral ideas around the body and 'naturalness', training and caring for the body, bodily boundaries, ownership, and how bodies are shaped by 'culture' as well as environments and biomedicine. Lectures, seminars and core readings will allow you explore theory and specific topics relating to bodies in contemporary society.

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SPA2028: BioSocieties

In this module we will explore the varying and contested interfaces and interactions of the biosciences with wider society across a range of domains including policy, media and culture, health and wider environments. We will draw upon ideas from Science and Technology Studies, sociology, anthropology and philosophy to examine how debates about and around the biological sciences have played out in past and present across a series of themed topics, including via the sciences of human nature, evolution; alongside the complexities of the 'politics of biology', as played out in debates over biotechnologies; conservation and agriculture; human-animal relations; health and disease; imagined pasts and futures; and biomedical technologies.

This module will help you place biosocial debates into broader historical, national and media contexts, introduce you to key theoretical ideas about biology and society; and equip you to engage in critical analysis of these issues, including arguments about gender, race, sexuality and human nature; about how humans should live in and alongside the natural world; and about what it means to be human in an age of rapid technological change. The module will equip you to engage in critical analysis of these issues, via a central focus on close reading, textual, documentary and source analysis skills.

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SPA2033: Cyborg Studies

How should we think about the relationship between humans and increasingly powerful technology? What's so special about humans anyway? Using the figure of the cyborg, a hybrid of machine and organism, we will analyse and reflect upon a wide range of topics related to both technology and the place of humanity in the world. You will be encouraged to critically evaluate the principles of humanism, posthumanism and transhumanism, and are invited to develop them in new directions. Discussions of posthumanist theories will be juxtaposed with transhumanist proposals; their ethical and political implications will be considered alongside empirical studies drawn from science and technology studies.

This module aims to help you to engage in a wide range of debates in posthumanism and transhumanism. You will be exposed to various scenarios in which the idea of humanity is questioned, either through its technological disruption or the need to develop ideas which no longer hold humans at their core. With the figure of the cyborg, as its icon, the module explores the co-development of humans, machines, sciences and natures. The central aim is for you to develop a critical understanding of what it means to be human and what role our technology plays or should play in determining not only our own future but the future of the world(s) in which we live.

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SPA2034: Environments and Societies

This module introduces you to methodologies and concepts in Science and Technology Studies as they pertain to the analysis of environmental issues and debates. We will explore how science, technology and society interact to determine what counts as an environmental problem, developing core analytic skills to do so.

We will ask the following questions:

• How are responses to environmental crises shaped by assumptions about what counts as ‘nature’, ‘technology’ and ‘society’?
• How do institutions of governance and public communication deal with scientific uncertainties?
• Who gets to be an expert and who contributes to environmental knowledge production?
• What is the relationship between science and politics in various approaches to environmental problems?

These questions will be investigated through a series of case studies on topics including energy sourcing, climate change, pollution, food systems, biodiversity and environmental disasters. You will investigate how environmental issues are made to matter, contested, and acted upon across societies. This will help you learn how to understand and critically engage with multiple claims about environmental change; and in turn to communicate clearly your own analysis.

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HAS3999: Study Abroad

The Study Abroad programme enables you to undertake a year-long study placement at a partner university outside of the UK, as part of your degree programme.

This module serves as the administrative mechanism for recording the Study Abroad assessment results of students within the Faculty of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS). Students participating in the Study Abroad programme and based in a HASS department (except for the Law School, the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, Modern Languages, and the School of Education) will be registered on this module during their Study Abroad placement year.

The Study Abroad programme widens the range of modules available to you during Stage 3 of your degree programme; enables you to broaden your academic horizons by studying in a different learning culture and (where relevant and appropriate) in languages other than English; and aims to promote resilience, independence, cultural awareness, and communication skills.

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HAS3998: Employment Experience

This module allows you to undertake and to learn from an extended work placement during the third year of a four year “with Employment Experience” programme. You will use one or more work placements to gain skills that equip you to work in the employment market and to improve your knowledge of the work environment. You are encouraged to think about the intercultural competence and the employability skills that you acquire during your year.

To progress to this module, you will have secured a suitable placement for a minimum of 26 weeks.

Having developed the skills necessary to find relevant roles and apply for roles in the graduate labour market, this is an invaluable opportunity to develop work-related skills and experience that will further enhance your success in the graduate labour market and support your future career choices.

During your placement year you will be supported by the Module Convenor and Placement Team.

The module assessment structure provides opportunity and support for you to evaluate your skills and achievements using personal development techniques.  You will also write an Employer Report to showpiece the culmination of your academic and business skills.

This module aims to:

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SOC3040: Dissertation

The aim of the dissertation is to give you the opportunity to display your abilities in the collection, organization, analysis and communication of original research material. With help and guidance from members of the academic staff, you will develop an appropriate research question, which you will pursue in independent research (this can be empirical or library based research). In addition to consolidating your research skills, you will gain in-depth knowledge of a particular topic corresponding to your personal interests. This is a unique opportunity to carry out a major piece of independent research and to explore and present anthropological arguments in relation to empirical data gained through library research and/or fieldwork.

In order to take this module you should have gained good knowledge of theoretical and methodological issues in anthropology acquired through participation in Year 1 and Year 2 anthropology core modules.

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